Digital platforms, green consumer behavior, and market power in tourism based on the duopoly spatial competition model: A literature review

The intersection of digitalization and sustainability has emerged as a defining frontier in contemporary tourism scholarship. This review synthesizes the latest studies on digital platforms, green consumer behavior, and market power in tourism, with particular reference to the duopoly spatial competition model. It investigates the interaction among these aspects under a spatial competition model and its implications for sustainable tourism development, focusing on theoretical bases, empirical results and practical applications in various fields. The main issue discussed is whether digital investments can enhance firms’ competitiveness at the same time as promoting environmental sustainability. According to PRISMA, the systematic literature review (SLR) included 876 documents obtained from major academic databases. The synthesis is based on an extended Hotelling duopoly model which includes green and digital strategic factors. Three common patterns are found in the literature: competition is influenced by the heterogeneous preferences of consumers towards environmental and digital features; the efficiency of subsidy policies is related to the market development level; and omnichannel approaches can integrate the benefits of physical services with the advantages of digital delivery. In addition, this review points out some governance difficulties, such as greenwashing and algorithmic discrimination. The suggested spatial digital greening framework helps decision makers to determine environmental standards, evaluate cultural acceptability and compare economic goals with environmental ones.