Perbandingan Perspektif Hukum Positif dan Hukum Pidana Islam dalam Asas Legalitas

The principle of legality constitutes a foundational doctrine in criminal law, serving to ensure legal certainty and protect individuals from arbitrary punishment. This study examines the legality principle from a comparative perspective between modern criminal law and Islamic criminal law through normative legal research employing comparative and historical approaches. The analysis reveals that both legal systems share a common commitment to legal certainty, accountability, and the protection of individual rights by requiring a legal basis for criminal liability and punishment. However, significant differences emerge in their sources of law and underlying philosophical orientations. Modern criminal law primarily derives legitimacy from statutory regulations and emphasizes formal legality, whereas Islamic criminal law integrates divine revelation, moral values, and the objectives of maqashid al-shari’ah in determining criminal responsibility and sanctions. Consequently, the legality principle in Islamic criminal law encompasses not only procedural certainty but also substantive justice and social welfare considerations. The findings highlight the relevance of Islamic criminal law values in enriching contemporary criminal law reform, particularly within pluralistic societies. Integrating substantive justice principles with modern legal frameworks may contribute to the development of a more humane, balanced, and socially responsive criminal justice system.