Pengaruh Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di ASEAN: Peran Modal Manusia

Economic growth across ASEAN countries shows considerable variation amid rapid developments in information and communication technology (ICT). Unlike previous studies, which generally used a single ICT indicator and focused on the MENA region, Africa, or Central Asia, this study contributes by developing a composite ICT index tailored to the ASEAN context and by examining the role of human capital in the relationship between ICT and economic growth. This study analyzes the impact of ICT on economic growth by incorporating human capital as an interaction variable. The data used consists of panel data from 10 ASEAN countries over the 2014–2023 period, totaling 100 observations. The composite ICT index was constructed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on three indicators: internet users, mobile subscribers, and fixed broadband subscribers. Estimations were performed using panel data regression with the Random Effects Model (REM) approach based on the results of the Chow, Hausman, and Lagrange Multiplier tests. The results of the study indicate that ICT has a negative and significant effect on economic growth, while human capital has a positive and significant effect. The interaction between ICT and human capital has a positive and significant effect, suggesting that an increase in human capital can strengthen the impact of ICT on economic growth. Inflation, as a control variable, has a negative and significant effect on economic growth. These findings suggest that the economic benefits of ICT development in ASEAN are linked to the readiness of human capital. Therefore, the development of ICT infrastructure and access must be accompanied by increased investment in education and health so that the utilization of ICT can contribute more effectively to economic growth.