Hematological diseases and clinical outcomes among intensive care unit patients at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria

Objective: Hematological diseases contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality among patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU), with outcomes influenced by disease severity, complications, and need for organ support. The objective of the study is to evaluate the pattern of hematological diseases and associated clinical outcomes in the ICU patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted by reviewing case notes, nursing records, and charts of patients admitted to the ICU over 7 years. The data extracted included sociodemographic characteristics, hematological disease categories, clinical diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential methods, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 120 patients were recorded to have been admitted within the time period under review, with females constituting 61.7% and males 38.3%. The mean age was 43.27 ± 19.31 years. Hemoglobinopathies-related disorders (34.2%) and venous thromboembolism (23.3%) were the most common hematological disease groups. The leading primary diagnosis was sickle cell vaso-occlusive crisis (34.2%). Overall ICU mortality was 48.3%. Ventilatory support was significantly associated with mortality ( p = 0.007), with higher odds of death among ventilated patients (odds ratio = 3.178, 95% confidence interval: 1.345–7.508). ICU stay was significantly shorter among patients who died compared to survivors ( p = 0.002). No significant association was found between hematological disease group or prior surgical intervention and mortality. Conclusion: Hematological diseases in the ICU are associated with high mortality. Clinical outcomes are strongly influenced by disease severity and the need for ventilatory support, rather than by specific hematological diagnosis. Early ICU admission and improved supportive care may improve survival.