Assessment of forage preferences and dietary composition of African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) in Yankari Game Reserve, Nigeria

The African elephant, Loxodonta africana, is a generalist megaherbivore that utilizes a wide range of plant species. However, habitat loss and fragmentation threaten its food resources and long-term survival. This study assessed the dietary composition, feeding duration, plant parts consumed, and nutritional value of frequently utilized forage species of elephants in Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Direct observation using focal and scan sampling of feeding behavior was conducted during the late dry season when food availability is most limited and foraging pressure is highest. Observations were done daily during morning [0600–0900 hrs] and evening [1600–1800 hrs] periods for three consecutive weeks to document feeding behavior and plant species consumed. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. A total of ten plant species were identified in the diet, with leaves constituting a greater proportion of intake than bark. Based on frequency of consumption, four dominant species, Acacia xanthophloea, Ficus thonningii, Combretum imberbe, and Ziziphus mucronata, were selected for proximate and mineral analysis. Ficus thonningii and A. xanthophloea recorded the highest crude protein contents of 15.2% and 13.4%, respectively, indicating higher nutritional value relative to the other species. The findings provide baseline data on elephant forage ecology and nutritional requirements, which are critical for habitat management and conservation planning in the Reserve. The study recommends intensified protection of key forage species and control of illegal activities that threaten elephant forage resources and habitat integrity.