Human intestinal organoid models: Advancing Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which affects the health of millions of people worldwide, is increasing. The etiology and pathogenesis of IBD are complex, and well-established in vitro models that closely mimic disease development and progression in humans are currently lacking. This has hindered in-depth analyses of disease mechanisms and the development of effective therapeutic targets. Recently, emerging organoid technology, particularly the establishment of patient-derived intestinal organoid systems, has seemingly invigorated IBD research. This article combines recent research progress to discuss the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis, summarize the strategies of gut organoid construction, provide an overview of the main current applications of intestinal organoid models in IBD research and possible therapies, and discuss the prospects and limitations of organoid technology. It is intended to serve as a foundational resource for both established and emerging scholars in this discipline. Moreover, this work may offer a reference for clinicians in selecting personalized strategies for treating patients with refractory IBD, informing the advancement of precision medicine.