Evaluating Obsidian Distribution Systems in Pre-Hispanic Puebla-Tlaxcala: A Diachronic Study of Obsidian Blade Procurement and Production from the El Paredón Source

Abstract This study analyzes data from multiple excavation projects to investigate the procurement and production strategies of obsidian blades in Mexico’s Puebla-Tlaxcala Valley, focusing on the socioeconomic interactions among various groups from the Middle Formative period (900–500 b.c .) to the Late Postclassic period ( a.d. 1250–1519). Geochemical and geospatial analyses indicate that obsidian previously attributed to the El Paredón source predominantly originates from its Tres Cabezas subsource. The analysis of obsidian artifacts from nine sites reveals that local blade production processes began at intermediate stages, with cores being reduced to produce prismatic blades primarily for local consumption. Technological evidence suggests that procurement strategies evolved from independent acquisition patterns to more complex cooperative systems that likely involved itinerant artisans and merchants who sustained a consistent regional supply network. This study underscores the pivotal role of sociocultural relationships and trade networks in the distribution of obsidian. The continuity and adaptability of these procurement and production strategies ensured a stable supply of obsidian blades, shedding light on the intricate political and economic landscape of the Puebla-Tlaxcala Valley over millennia.