Medical Cyber-Physical Systems

Medical Cyber-Physical Systems (MCPS) are closed-loop systems that integrate sensing, computation, communication, and control with clinicians, patients, users, and/or care workflows to support health monitoring and intervention. They span regulated clinical platforms and consumer-facing health technologies, combining Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) connectivity, intelligent algorithms, and human physiological dynamics with varying safety, security, and efficacy constraints. This paper presents a twenty-year review of MCPS research and practice, covering community evolution, foundational methods, devices and datasets, and representative deployments across hospital, home, and wellness contexts. We synthesize key advances in modeling, verification, interoperability, data quality, and learning-enabled decision support, and we examine translational case studies that expose the gap between laboratory prototypes and real-world adoption. We conclude with open research directions for scalable engineering methods, trustworthy data and evaluation infrastructure, real-time integration, and sustained post-deployment assurance to advance MCPS toward safe, secure, effective, and broadly deployable systems that improve health outcomes.