Nanotechnology for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Advances, Opportunities, and Potential for Clinical Translation

Abstract Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most fatal form of stroke, affecting several million people each year worldwide. Current clinical treatments for ICH remain far from satisfactory, underscoring a clear need for technological innovation. Specifically, in recent years, nanomaterial-based technologies have emerged as a suite of innovative solutions for ICH. Despite the considerable opportunities demonstrated in these studies, insufficient attention has been paid to the challenges of clinical translation. To bridge the gap between nanotechnologists and neurologists, this review addresses three key aspects. We first discuss the biological aspect: pathophysiology and therapeutic targets of ICH. Second, we review the technological aspect: various applications of nanotechnology in the context of ICH, including nanozymes, drug delivery carriers, nanoparticles in hydrogels, imaging probes, and neural stimulation transducers. Third, we examine the translational aspect: critical issues in clinical translation, particularly toxicology and production scale-up of nanomaterials. Together, this review aims to provide a roadmap for nanotechnologists and neurologists to collaboratively advance ICH nanomedicines from bench to bedside.