Advances and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of feline lymphoma

Feline lymphoma remains one of the most prevalent and clinically significant tumours in cats. However, its intrinsic heterogeneity, reflected in its diverse anatomic presentations, histologic grades and immunophenotypes, remains a challenge for veterinary surgeons. Imaging investigations together with the increasing use of minimally invasive biopsy techniques and molecular tests, such as immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangements, have helped refine diagnosis. Despite these developments, differentiating low-grade lymphoma from lymphocytic inflammatory diseases remains problematic, and standardised diagnostic criteria are lacking. Therapeutically, multi-agent chemotherapy protocols such as CHOP or COP remain the mainstay of treatment for high-grade lymphoma, while low-grade forms often respond favourably to chlorambucil-based protocols. However, in the relapse setting, rescue protocols remain limited and are generally associated with short remission times. This review analyses the available literature and provides updated recommendations for the diagnosis and management of lymphoma in cats.