Determinants of Livability and Social Equity in Vulnerable Neighbourhoods of Southwestern Nigeria

Urban livability in vulnerable communities is closely related to the distribution of urban resources and the socioeconomic circumstances of residents. This study examined the relationship between livability and social equity in vulnerable urban communities in Lagos and Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Data were obtained from 1,190 respondents across selected communities using a structured questionnaire, supported by field observations and spatial assessment. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples t -tests and weighted mean analysis were used to examine socioeconomic differences and respondents’ perceptions of livability and social equity. Spatial differences were assessed between the two cities. The results show significant inter-city differences in educational attainment and monthly income, while gender, age, number of children, household size and marital status did not differ significantly between the two cities. Respondents generally regarded social inclusion, access to urban services, spatial opportunity, safety, education, healthcare and equitable resource allocation as important components of livability. The overall mean score for the physical and social dimensions of livability was 4.02, while the corresponding mean for resource allocation and livability was 4.12 on a five-point likert scale. However, respondents expressed weaker confidence in the existence of deliberate institutional commitment to social equity within their communities. The findings indicate that vulnerability in the study areas is not explained by socioeconomic conditions alone; it is also reflected in unequal access to services, opportunities and neighbourhood resources. The study concludes that improving livability in vulnerable communities requires greater attention to the spatial distribution of infrastructure, equitable access to urban opportunities and meaningful participation in local decision-making.