Italy: Political developments and data in 2025: stable at the top, conflictual underneath

Abstract In 2025, Italy remained under the leadership of Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, whose right-wing coalition government completed its third year in office with remarkable stability. Building on FdI’s electoral dominance at the 2024 European Parliament elections, the government survived the main electoral contests of the year without significant damage. At the same time, 2025 was marked by intense institutional conflict, most notably between the executive and the judiciary. Pro-Palestinian protests represented the most visible expression of social mobilisation during the year. Overall, Italy in 2025 was politically stable at the top but conflictual underneath, confirming the government’s unusual durability while exposing persistent tensions beneath the surface.