Hitting Coronaviruses Where It Hurts: Antiviral Strategies Targeting Viral Proteins

Human coronaviruses include both endemic respiratory pathogens and highly pathogenic viruses with pandemic potential, underscoring the need for antiviral agents with activity beyond single viral species. This review focuses on selected, representative antiviral inhibitors directed against viral proteins of human coronaviruses. Accordingly, the review examines representative inhibitors targeting viral proteins essential for coronavirus infection and propagation. The discussion includes inhibitors acting at different functional levels of the viral life cycle, such as entry, genome replication, RNA processing and particle assembly, and reflects the range of molecular entities reported to date. By organizing known inhibitors according to their viral protein targets, this review provides an integrated overview of current antiviral candidates and illustrates the central role of viral proteins as points of intervention. Overall, the review aims to consolidate existing knowledge on antiviral inhibitors across human coronaviruses, offering a coherent framework for appreciating their scope and diversity.