Attitudes and experiences toward diagnostic and research genetic testing in Africa: a scoping review of qualitative studies

Genetic testing is transforming healthcare by enabling early diagnosis and personalized treatment, yet its adoption in Africa remains limited due to various social and cultural factors. This scoping review aims to synthesize qualitative evidence on attitudes and experiences toward diagnostic and research genetic testing in Africa. The review followed Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, DOAJ, and African Journals Online (AJOL) using predefined terms. Grey literature was also identified through manual searches. All searches were limited to publications from 2010 to 2025 to capture the most recent and relevant evidence. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and relevant data were extracted and analyzed thematically. From 1,013 identified from the initial search, 16 met inclusion criteria and were included in this scoping review. The review found low awareness of genetic testing among African populations, with many associating it primarily with paternity testing. Despite this, there was broad willingness to undergo testing, particularly when recommended by healthcare providers. Major barriers included high costs, especially outside research settings. Other challenges included ethical concerns, emotional distress, and fear of stigma; particularly in relation to test results affecting marriage or pregnancy decisions. While many participants wished to receive their results to make informed health choices, others declined when no cure was available. Researchers recognized the importance of returning results but cited logistical challenges and a lack of trained counselors. Attitudes toward genetic testing in Africa show both openness and concern. Addressing barriers through culturally sensitive counseling, improved infrastructure, trained personnel, and supportive policies is essential to promote ethical and equitable access to genetic services.