RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN TÜRKIYE’S NUCLEAR ENERGY POLICY: THE AKKUYU NPP BOO MODEL

As of now, Türkiye has not commissioned any nuclear reactors to produce electricity; however, a major project is being completed with the Russian Federation under a Build-Own-Operate (BOO) model and is expected to begin operations towards the end of 2026. The Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) represents not only a milestone in diversifying Türkiye’s energy portfolio and transferring nuclear technology knowledge, but also introduces the country to the complex challenge of managing radioactive waste for the first time. This study provides an overview of Türkiye’s nuclear energy policy, the implementation and licensing process of the Akkuyu NPP, and the historical development and current status of radioactive waste management practices. Relevant legislation, particularly concerning low-level radioactive waste generated by radiation facilities, is examined to contextualize the regulatory framework. The analysis highlights the uncertainties, advantages, and disadvantages of the BOO model in relation to radioactive waste management, with special emphasis on legal mechanisms established under Turkish law. Recommendations are offered to mitigate uncertainties, strengthen regulatory clarity, and ensure that Türkiye’s nuclear energy policy adequately prepares for the safe and sustainable management of radioactive waste in the Akkuyu NPP and beyond.