Framework for user-centred design and pre-occupancy design evaluation of higher education buildings

Purpose Higher education (HE) buildings often exhibit persistent performance gaps that compromise user comfort, health and satisfaction. These adverse outcomes are frequently linked to inadequate end-user engagement in the design phase. This study develops and validates a holistic framework for end-user engagement that systematically integrates user inputs throughout the design process to enable user-centred design and pre-occupancy evaluation, proactively mitigating performance gaps. Design/methodology/approach The framework was formulated through an integrative review and idea mapping from three knowledge areas: user engagement theories, functional performance specification and design elements. The framework was validated through 70 structured interviews: 35 with end-users, 17 with HE building professionals, and 18 with industry architects. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests. Qualitative insights were examined through content analysis. Findings The study presents a novel framework featuring a process-flow model and modules for user-requirements acquisition and design evaluation to engage end-users throughout HE building design. The framework’s overall effectiveness for end-user involvement across pre-design, schematic and detailed design was rated 8.4 out of 10. Study participants identified many benefits of the framework, including comprehensiveness, facilitation of end-user engagement across all design stages, adaptability, quantifiable scoring, stimulation of user reflection, ease of distribution and robustness. Originality/value The systemised framework addresses longstanding barriers to end-user engagement in HE building design. Its modular and traceable structure enables those with limited experience to implement structured engagement practices. By facilitating early, evidence-based user input, the framework promotes people-centred design, minimises post-occupancy modifications and enhances building performance and user satisfaction.