Characterization and Behavioral Responses of Volatile Organic Compounds in Commercial Cockroach Baits

Cockroach baits are widely used due to their high efficacy and low environmental impact. However, a systematic understanding of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that mediate attraction behavior in Blattella germanica, and their underlying mechanisms is still lacking. In this study, the volatile profiles of 15 commercially available baits were systematically characterized using headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). The behavioral and electrophysiological responses of B. germanica to 14 candidate VOCs were further evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer and electroantennography (EAG). The results revealed significant differences in VOC composition among the tested baits, with aldehydes, acids, alcohols, and esters constituting the major components. This study identifies 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and hexanal as the key bioactive compounds responsible for attracting B. germanica in commercial baits. Their strong attractiveness at low concentrations indicates substantial practical application potential. These findings not only elucidate the chemical basis of the attractant activity of cockroach baits but also provide critical theoretical insights and technical support for optimizing existing bait formulations and developing novel, highly effective attractants.