Integrated Effect of Sugarcane Biochar and NPK Fertilizer On Selected Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in A Semi-Arid Agroecosystem of Malumfashi, Katsina State

This study evaluated the integrated effect of sugarcane-derived biochar and NPK fertilizer on selected soil physical and chemical properties in a semi-arid agroecosystem of Malumfashi, Katsina State, Nigeria. A total of 72 soil samples were collected at 0–30 cm depth before and after treatment application and analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. The experiment assessed key soil parameters including soil pH, soil organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density, and electrical conductivity. Results revealed that the combined application of biochar and NPK fertilizer significantly improved soil fertility indicators. Soil pH increased from 5.70 to 6.50, while organic matter and organic carbon rose from 0.83% to 1.73% and 0.48% to 0.97%, respectively. Total nitrogen and available phosphorus also increased substantially, indicating enhanced nutrient availability. CEC improved from 1.88 to 3.81 cmol (+)/kg, reflecting better nutrient retention capacity. Bulk density decreased from 1.36 to 1.28 g/cm³, indicating improved soil structure and porosity. Electrical conductivity remained within non-saline limits, confirming no adverse salinity effects. The findings demonstrate that integrating sugarcane biochar with NPK fertilizer enhances soil quality and supports sustainable soil fertility management in semi-arid environments.