"Botanical Anxiolytics in Modern Psychiatry: From Neurobiological Basis to Clinical and Commercial Perspectives

ABSTRACT: Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent neuropsychiatric conditions worldwide, significantly impairing quality of life and daily functioning. Although conventional therapies such as benzodiazepines and antidepressants are effective, their long-term use is limited by adverse effects including dependence, tolerance, and cognitive impairment. These limitations have prompted increasing interest in plant-based therapeutics as safer alternatives. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of medicinal plants used in the management of anxiety disorders, focusing on their phytochemical constituents, mechanisms of action, and clinical relevance. The pathophysiology of anxiety involves complex interactions between neurotransmitter systems, particularly γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, along with the contribution of oxidative stress. Various herbs such as Withania somnifera, Passiflora incarnata, Lavandula angustifolia, Piper methysticum, Melissa officinalis, Valeriana officinalis, Bacopa monnieri, and Convolvulus pluricaulis demonstrate significant anxiolytic activity through modulation of these pathways. Additionally, the review highlights clinical studies, marketed herbal formulations, and patented compositions supporting their therapeutic potential. Herbal medicines offer a multi-targeted and synergistic approach, making them promising alternatives or adjuncts in anxiety management. However, further standardization and large-scale clinical studies are required to establish their efficacy and safety.