Urban morphology, Infrastructure deficit, Climate resilience and Household vulnerability Ibadan, Nigeria

Rapid, unguided urbanization and accelerating climate risks across Sub-Saharan Africa present severe governance challenges, particularly within high-density, low-income urban cores. This study examined the relationships between spatial morphology, municipal infrastructure deficits, social capital, and household climate resilience in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. Utilizing an integrated theoretical framework synthesizing Urban Political Ecology, the Asset Vulnerability Framework, and Protection Motivation Theory, a multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was deployed to administer 800 structured household questionnaires across five inner-core Local Government Areas (Ibadan North, Ibadan North-East, Ibadan North-West, Ibadan South-East, and Ibadan South-West) stratified by low-, medium-, and high-density residential zones. Empirical analyses utilizing Pearson's chi-square tests (χ²), Levene's test, and independent-samples t-tests revealed significant socio-demographic and economic stratification along density gradients (p < 0.001), with severe human capital, financial, and housing security deficits concentrated within high-density inner-core zones. A severe municipal failure was identified, as 49.4% of households rated drainage infrastructure as poor, 63.3% reported rare public maintenance, and 86.3% evaluated major macro-engineering initiatives such as the Ibadan Urban Flood Management Project (IUFMP) as ineffective or marginally effective due to the neglect and breakdown of localized tertiary drainage channels. Furthermore, social capital proved insufficient to offset physical infrastructure failure: no statistically significant association was found between community association membership and self-help environmental project participation (χ² = 0.124, p = .725), and mean Climate Resilience Index (CRI) scores did not differ significantly between association members (μ = 0.412) and non-members (μ = 0.405; t(798) = 0.694, p = 0.488). High building material costs (100%) and lack of municipal support (65.8%) represented universal adaptation constraints across spatial locations. The study concludes that community self-reliance cannot compensate for structural institutional neglect, emphasizing the urgent need for localized tertiary drainage engineering, routine municipal maintenance, and targeted asset-building interventions in high-density urban residential zones.