Wind Power Penetration Limits of the Colombian Caribbean Transmission System (220 kV–230 kV–500 kV) for Stability Assessment and Planning

This paper assesses the Wind Power Penetration Limit (WPPL) of the Colombian Caribbean Power System through a scenario-based parametric sensitivity analysis. The study is conducted on a newly developed open-source 36-bus testbed implemented in Pandapower, representing the 500 kV and 230 kV interconnected network and its five operational subareas: Córdoba-Sucre, Bolívar, Atlántico, Cerromatoso, and Guajira-Cesar-Magdalena. The proposed framework determines the maximum wind power integration capacity at each substation while quantifying the sensitivity of key operating variables, including frequency, voltage magnitude, voltage angle, and loadability. The assessment combines frequency critical times (tc), voltage-reactive power sensitivity (dV/dQ), voltage security margins, loadability limits, and N-k contingency analysis (k≤2). Wind generation levels are progressively increased from 1 MW to 2400 MW, and the frequency stability evaluation considers doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), full-converter, full-converter with synthetic inertia, and vertical-axis wind turbine technologies. Within the adopted reduced-order parameterization, the DFIG-labeled configuration produces the longest threshold-event times. This ordering follows from the prescribed effective-inertia coefficients and does not establish a universal frequency-stability ranking of wind-turbine technologies. From a security perspective, the Córdoba-Sucre subarea exhibits the highest resilience under N−2 contingencies, whereas the Atlántico subarea presents the largest wind integration capability. In contrast, the Bolívar subarea shows the greatest susceptibility to instability, while Cartagena and Barranquilla emerge as the most congestion-prone locations. Overall, the proposed framework provides a reproducible methodology for identifying substation-level WPPL values and supporting large-scale wind integration planning in interconnected power systems.