Sarcopenic Obesity: Biomarkers, Dietary Intervention and Potential Application of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract Sarcopenic obesity (SO), characterized by the concurrent presence of sarcopenia and obesity, is emerging as a significant global health concern due to its association with metabolic dysfunction and higher morbidity. The shortcomings of diagnostic methods for SO have underscored the necessity for identifying effective, cost-efficient, and sensitive biomarkers. Furthermore, the limitations associated with exercise and pharmacological treatments have underscored the need for dietary interventions. This review integrates the biomarkers of SO, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in biomarkers mining, and dietary interventions for SO management. Patients with SO exhibit dysregulation of factors mediating muscle-adipose tissue interactions, along with metabolic disorders and gut microbiota imbalances. Therefore, biomarkers reflecting the progression of SO encompass the expression levels of myokines, adipokines, and inflammatory cytokines; indicators of lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and mitochondrial function; and features of the gut microbiota. Dietary interventions, including low-calorie and high-protein diets, as well as supplementation with vitamin D and phenolic compounds, can promote muscle protein synthesis. Furthermore, microbiota-targeted dietary strategies and personalized nutrition may more effectively alleviate SO. By establishing a comprehensive framework that connects biomarkers with dietary interventions, this review provides a theoretical foundation for the individualized management and precise nutrition strategies for SO.