Study on Temperature Threshold of Extreme High-temperature Matter Phase Transition

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory in the United States can achieve an extreme collision temperature up to 4 trillion degrees Celsius and serves as a core experimental facility for studying phase transitions of high-temperature dense matter. For decades, the high-temperature collision products produced by RHIC have been uniformly interpreted as quark-gluon plasma within the high-energy physics community. It is generally accepted that the physical mechanism for particle disintegration is nucleon crushing induced by ultra-high impact pressure. This cognitive system is built entirely on the traditional paradigm of the Standard Model. It is summarized merely from experimental phenomena and lacks first-principle theoretical support at the fundamental level, leading to an essential misjudgment of the physical mechanism. This paper proposes a brand-new physical mechanism. Protons and neutrons are steady-state cage-like structures formed by spin self-locking of high-energy gamma photons. The strong interaction between neutrons is purely attractive. Combined with extreme pressure generated by celestial gravitational force, it cannot destroy the self-locking structure of photons. Particles have no pressure crushing threshold. The only controllable condition for thorough structural ablation and fundamental phase transition of matter is dissociation at critical high temperature. Based on this theory, this paper makes full use of the hardware feature of continuously adjustable beam energy of RHIC to design a refined gradient temperature scanning experimental scheme. Through multi-gear de-energized collision, layered temperature zone comparison, simultaneous detection of multiple physical quantities and big data statistical analysis, the critical phase transition temperature at which the photon cage of nucleons dissociates for the first time can be accurately captured. It quantitatively distinguishes two completely different physical processes: mechanical extrusion fragmentation and high-temperature melting dissociation. Existing RHIC experimental observations confirm that the high-temperature fluid formed by dissociation under extreme conditions of 4 trillion degrees Celsius can recondense to generate brand-new physical particles after the system expands and cools. This phenomenon exactly verifies the complete matter cycle proposed by this theory. Matter (nucleons) dissociates into gamma photons after reaching the critical high temperature. When the high-temperature photon system cools down, high-energy gamma photons collide again. When the spin matching condition is satisfied, photons self-lock once more to generate protons, neutrons, electrons and other physical particles, completing a closed loop from matter to light and then from light to matter. Relying on upgraded detector technology, fine identification can be carried out for newly generated particles in the cooling stage to distinguish newborn particles from fragments of incident original nuclei. This research can accurately determine the fundamental constant of cosmic extreme matter phase transition in ground laboratories, correct long-standing misinterpretations of high-temperature matter forms in high-energy physics, and provide brand-new theoretical and experimental support for difficult problems in astrophysics including neutron star evolution, black hole core structure, black hole jet generation mechanism and particle generation mechanism in the early universe.