Congenital Arboviruses: A Review

Congenital arboviruses represent a significant public health concern because of their ability to cross the placental barrier and adversely affect fetal development. In this review, we delineate the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic challenges associated with key congenital arboviral infections, including Zika, dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, Oropouche, and West Nile virus. While vertical transmission mechanisms vary among arboviruses, inflammation, placental disruption, and viral replication within fetal tissues are common pathological features. Early diagnosis is complicated by overlapping clinical symptoms, limited laboratory capacity in endemic areas, and cross-reactivity in serological tests for flaviviruses. In this review, we highlight the need for improved surveillance, targeted diagnostics, and preventive strategies, including vector control and maternal vaccination, to reduce the burden of congenital arboviral diseases. Understanding the maternal-fetal dynamics of arboviral infections is essential for developing effective public health interventions and mitigating long-term outcomes in affected populations.