Renewable-driven green hydrogen-to-ammonia cogeneration via the Haber–Bosch loop with LNG cold-energy recovery: Techno-economic optimization using ANN-assisted MOGWO

Ammonia is increasingly recognized as an effective hydrogen carrier for low-carbon energy systems because of its high volumetric hydrogen density and established storage and transport infrastructure. This study investigates a renewable-driven green hydrogen-to-ammonia cogeneration system integrating solar and wind energy, electrolysis, Haber–Bosch synthesis, LNG cold-energy recovery, and cascaded SCO 2 –ORC–TEG power recovery. The main contribution is the coordinated thermodynamic integration of these subsystems within a unified optimized configuration. A comprehensive energy, exergy, economic, and environmental assessment is coupled with ANN-assisted MOGWO for multi-objective optimization. At the selected optimal point, the system produces 33.98 kg/h of ammonia, achieves 31.39% exergy efficiency, and has a total cost rate of 406.05 $/h. Regional assessments for Abu Dhabi, Doha, Muscat, and Tabuk examine performance under distinct Middle Eastern solar–wind conditions. Results show that local renewable availability strongly influences electricity generation and ammonia production, emphasizing the importance of location-specific optimization.