Multi-objective optimization of wind-solar-coupled hydrogen storage systems considering economic and safety factors

Existing wind-solar-hydrogen systems often face challenges such as a single type of hydrogen storage technology and inconsistent safety evaluation standards, leading to imbalanced technology preferences. This study proposes a capacity design and system optimization method that accounts for the operating characteristics of multiple hydrogen storage approaches. By integrating gaseous hydrogen storage with liquid organic hydrogen carrier storage, a model is developed to dynamically adjust storage scale and dispatch across different time scales, thereby improving overall system performance. The method jointly optimizes capacity configuration and operational dispatch, and introduces TNT equivalency as a unified metric for explosion consequence evaluation. An economic single-objective model and a safety-economic multi-objective model were established. The coupled system achieved annual revenue comparable to that of the GH 2 -only system and 7.14% higher than that of the LOHC-only system, with an optimal capacity ratio of about 6.66:1 between the two technologies. Using the ε-constraint method, the Pareto front was generated to provide trade-offs between safety and economic performance. Overall, the proposed coupled capacity design enhances the economic–safety trade-off and provides flexible decision support for system planning. It also broadens the scope of optimization design and offers a valuable reference for promoting efficient integration of renewable and hydrogen energy.