Forensic Analysis of Degradation Pathways and Physicochemical Changes in Polyamide and Acrylic Fibers Exposed to Various Degrading Agents

Synthetic fibers constitute a cornerstone of the modern textile industry. Among these materials, polyamide and acrylic fibers have achieved widespread application due to their favorable strength-to-weight ratio, chemical resistance, and economic efficiency. Despite their advantageous characteristics, these fibers remain susceptible to various degradation processes. The analysis of fiber damage represents a critical yet complex aspect of textile identification and comparative studies. Accurate determination of degradation mechanisms is essential for assessing material performance, predicting service life, quality control, and supporting forensic investigations. However, distinguishing between different types of damage and identifying their underlying causes remains a significant analytical challenge. In this review paper, the forensic analysis of degradation pathways and physicochemical changes in polyamide and acrylic fibers exposed to various degrading agents is presented. The available literature is critically examined to elucidate the mechanisms governing fiber deterioration and to correlate structural transformations with changes in macroscopic and physicochemical properties. Particular attention is given to the influence of environmental, thermal, chemical, and mechanical stressors on fiber stability and performance. Furthermore, current analytical approaches used for the identification and characterization of degradation phenomena are discussed, highlighting their applicability and limitations in forensic science. To the best of our knowledge, such a comprehensive review has not yet been published.