Effect of a Plant-Based Sweet Potato and Almond Snack Bar, High Intensity Interval Training, and Mindfulness Therapy on Blood Glucose Control among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Medan Selayang District, Medan, Indonesia

Background: Integrated lifestyle interventions combining nutritional, physical, and psychological strategies may improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, evidence regarding the combined effects of high-fiber functional foods, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and mindfulness therapy remains limited, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study evaluated the effects of a multimodal lifestyle intervention on glycemic responses among individuals with T2DM and non-diabetic adults. Methods: A quasi-experimental pilot study was conducted among 30 female participants (15 with T2DM and 15 non-diabetic controls) in Medan, Indonesia. Fasting (pre-prandial) and post-prandial blood glucose concentrations were measured repeatedly throughout the intervention. Non-parametric statistical analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of group, time, and their interaction on glucose concentrations. Results: Significant longitudinal reductions in both pre-prandial and post-prandial glucose concentrations were observed among participants with T2DM (both Friedman p < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons demonstrated significant decreases between all assessment periods (all p = 0.001). There were significant differences in glycemic trajectories between diabetic and non-diabetic participants. Conclusions: This two-month multimodal lifestyle intervention was associated with a significant reduction in blood glucose levels among individuals with T2DM and those without diabetes. The significant group-by-time interaction suggests greater metabolic improvement during the intervention period for the T2DM group. Larger randomized controlled trials are required to confirm efficacy and establish long-term clinical benefits. Keywords: Glycemic control, High-intensity interval training, Mindfulness, High fiber snack bar, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Lifestyle intervention, Indonesia