Light‐Addressable Biohybrid Nano‐Organelles for Programmable Multiscale Bioenergetics

ABSTRACT A defining feature of living cells is their ability to harvest environmental energy and convert it into spatially regulated biochemical work. Reconstituting such programmable bioenergetics across length scales remains a major challenge in biohybrid materials. Here, we report light‐addressable biohybrid nano‐organelles that couple plasmonic nanochemistry with biological energy transduction to enable programmable bioenergetics from nanoscale to tissue scale. A hollow Au–Pt plasmonic catalytic shell is hierarchically integrated with bacterial membranes bearing F 0 F 1 ‐ATP synthase, yielding nano‐organelles that convert near‐infrared excitation (785 nm) into a transmembrane proton gradient (ΔpH) and light‐gated ATP generation. Microfluidic encapsulation within giant unilamellar vesicles produces structurally uniform, energy‐autonomous protocells. Upon optical activation, plasmon‐enhanced glucose oxidation establishes ΔpH‐driven ATP synthesis that powers spatiotemporally regulated actin polymerization, resulting in reversible, light‐programmable morphogenesis at the single vesicle level. When embedded in alginate‐based prototissues, these nano‐organelles provide remotely addressable metabolic support, enhancing ATP levels and matrix stiffness under oxidative stress. This work establishes a modular multiscale biohybrid platform for optically programmable bioenergetics and advances the design of energy‐active synthetic cell and tissue‐like systems.