Hybrid Multi-Biorecognition Laser-Scribed Graphene Platform for Electrochemical Detection of Insulin Resistance Biomarkers

Insulin resistance (IR) is a multifactorial metabolic condition that can precede type 2 diabetes, motivating integrated monitoring of complementary biomarkers associated with glucose–insulin homeostasis and adipose tissue dysfunction. Here, we present a hybrid multi-biorecognition laser-scribed graphene (LSG) electrochemical platform with four independently functionalized working electrodes for detecting glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin. The platform combines glucose oxidase-mediated enzymatic sensing, a methylene-blue-labeled insulin aptamer, and antibody-based recognition for adiponectin and leptin. Each sensing channel showed concentration-dependent electrochemical responses in PBS and analyte-spiked 10% human serum. The glucose sensor retained comparable sensitivity in PBS and serum, while the insulin aptasensor and the adiponectin and leptin immunosensors remained responsive in the diluted biological matrix. A preliminary mixed-analyte study further showed that all four channels remained responsive in a common four-biomarker sample. Importantly, the four-analyte panel combines glucose and insulin, used in HOMA-IR, with adiponectin and leptin, which form the adiponectin-to-leptin ratio, demonstrating thcombines high surface area, good electrical conductivitye feasibility of integrating complementary biomarkers and distinct biosensing approaches side by side within a single multiplexed electrochemical platform, with potential for future application in early-stage insulin resistance assessment.