Real-time digital-twin analysis of multi-terminal DC grid for hydrogen-powered zero-emission mining haul trucks

As the world pursues sustainable solutions to reduce carbon emissions and minimize environmental impact, the mining industry faces significant challenges. Hydrogen fuel cells have become a promising candidate for mining haul trucks, playing a crucial role in advancing a low-carbon future. However, implementing large-scale hydrogen fuel cells in heavy-duty trucks demands careful real-time monitoring and protection. This paper presents the integration of real-time digital-twin (RTDT) analysis within a multi-terminal direct current (MTDC) grid to support the deployment of hydrogen-battery hybrid mining trucks. The study explores the potential of this technology to reduce emissions and enhance operational efficiency in mining. The digital-twin framework utilizes data from power systems and energy storage units embedded in mining trucks, charging stations, and grid infrastructure, allowing for real-time monitoring, analysis, and hardware-in-the-loop emulation. Digital modeling is used to represent proton exchange membrane fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, power converters, and control systems, including mining operations, battery charging stations, and hydrogen gas stations. The Xilinx® UltraScale+™ VCU118 platform is chosen for the RTDT emulation of both the physical and digital components of a megawatt-level MTDC grid. The results of the RTDT analysis demonstrate its potential as a transformative technology, contributing to the achievement of zero-emission mining while enhancing the reliability and performance of mining operations.