Filling the Legal Void: Missionaries as Legal Actors in Regulating Monogamous Unions in the Congo Free State (1885–1908)

Abstract In the Congo Free State, where the administration of Leopold II concentrated on economic exploitation and largely neglected family law, Belgian missionaries assumed functions the state left unattended. This article examines how they became legal actors in the regulation of marriage between 1885 and 1908, imposing monogamy as a condition of Christian and civilized life against the widespread practice of polygamy. Officiating marriages, keeping civil registers, adjudicating disputes over dowry, and organizing Catholic villages where monogamous unions were institutionalized, missionaries operated as intermediaries between the colonial administration and Congolese communities, their authority resting at once on canon law and on the practical demands of governance. Drawing on missionary periodicals, correspondence, decrees, and administrative records, the study reconstructs a legal role that has received little scholarly attention, situating it within debates on legal pluralism and vernacular imperial constitutionalism that treat law as a fluid practice articulated by diverse actors rather than a fixed body of metropolitan rules. By placing missionaries at the center of colonial lawmaking, the article shows how religion and law were interwoven in the making of the colonial state, even as local communities resisted and reshaped the norms imposed upon them. In conclusion, this study reveals the complexities of missionary involvement in colonial governance and offers new insights into the intersection of law, religion, and colonialism in Central Africa.