CONCEPT, CLASSIFICATION, AND TOXICOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF STHAVARA VISHA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CLASSICAL AYURVEDIC LITERATURE

Agada Tantra, one of the eight classical branches of Ayurveda, provides a systematic description of poisons (Visha), their effects on the human body, methods of detoxification, and principles of management. Among the different categories of poisons, Sthavara Visha comprises toxic substances originating from immobile sources, predominantly poisonous plants, minerals, and metals. The knowledge related to Sthavara Visha is dispersed across various classical Ayurvedic texts, making comprehensive understanding difficult for students, clinicians, and researchers. The present review aims to compile, analyze, and critically interpret the classical descriptions of Sthavara Visha available in major Ayurvedic treatises. A narrative review methodology was adopted by reviewing authoritative Ayurvedic texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Sharangadhara Samhita, Rasatarangini, and other relevant classical references. Contemporary scientific literature was considered where appropriate to discuss the present-day relevance of these concepts.