The Multifunctionality of Licorice and Its By-Products: A Review on Traditional and Innovative Applications for Circular Bioeconomy and Sustainable Innovation

Glycyrrhiza glabra (L) is an herbaceous perennial species belonging to the Fabaceae family, utilized in most ancient food production and popular medicine for its aromatic characteristics and the broad range of therapeutic activities. The phytochemical composition of licorice roots includes numerous metabolites and bioactive compounds and their extract have been extensively used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. More recently, increasing attention has been directed to the aerial parts of plants and processing residues of leaves, representing a source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in various industrial fields. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of the nutritional, economic, and industrial value of licorice and its processing residues was provided, highlighting their potential for the development of innovative products in the framework of a circular bioeconomy. Furthermore, this review encourages additional studies on the effect of edaphic conditions on plant chemical composition to ensure product quality and promote sustainable agricultural land use. Additional research is also warranted to explore the use of licorice plants or innovative applications, such as sustainable packaging materials, paper -based products, raw material for the textile industry, and bioproducts for cultural heritage conservation. One of the most interesting products obtained from licorice is glycyrrhizin, used as a natural sweetener, but further research on the extraction and purification of this compound is necessary to improve its recovery and broaden its applications.