A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON SYZYGIUM CUMINI

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, commonly known as Jamun, Jambul, Java plum or Indian blackberry, is an important medicinal and nutritional plant belonging to the family Myrtaceae. The plant is widely distributed in South Asia and has a long history of use in traditional medicine. Various parts of S. cumini, including fruits, seeds, leaves, stem bark, flowers and roots, are used for medicinal purposes. The plant contains a wide range of bioactive phytoconstituents, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, alkaloids, anthocyanins, terpenoids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. These constituents contribute to its diverse pharmacological properties. The present review summarizes the botanical characteristics, phytochemical constituents, nutritional value, traditional uses and pharmacological activities of S. cumini. Reported biological activities include antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, radioprotective, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, antidiarrhoeal and antimicrobial effects. Among these, the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities have received considerable attention. Studies also indicate that phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins may contribute to antioxidant and protective effects, while leaf extracts have demonstrated potential against radiation-induced DNA damage. Overall, S. cumini represents a promising natural source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in traditional medicine, nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical research. However, further well-designed studies are required to establish the safety, effective dosage, mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of its extracts and individual constituents.