Cybersecurity capacity building in the age of digital libraries: African librarians’ perspectives

Purpose In this era of digital transformation, libraries have evolved from traditional physical repositories of knowledge into dynamic online learning commons. This shift depends on complex, interconnected computer networks that create vulnerabilities and opportunities for cyberattacks. Consequently, libraries have seen a rise in sophisticated cyber threats, raising concerns about data protection, confidentiality and the integrity of digital content. Strengthening librarians’ cybersecurity capacity is essential, as human factors are key to preventing breaches and supporting resilient digital services. This study aimed to adapt the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) framework to assess African librarians’ cybersecurity proficiency and identify existing skill gaps. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted an exploratory research design. In all, 74 librarians from Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Kenya participated in this study. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire aligned with the NICE framework and a semi-structured interview. Findings The findings of this study revealed limited awareness and a significant skills gap among librarians. This study also identified five emerging themes: protection of library assets, patrons’ data and trust; awareness and skills gaps; cybersecurity education and capacity building; institutional and resource barriers; and an indifferent attitude among staff toward cybersecurity. Originality/value This study is significant because it offers new insights into improving capacity and strengthening information security. This paper contributes to knowledge by adapting the knowledge manager and database administrator roles in the NICE framework to assess librarians’ cybersecurity skills for digital library services; empirically examining the cybersecurity skill proficiency of African librarians; and identifying critical skill gaps and priority areas for targeted capacity-building and upskilling interventions.