The association of a lifestyle risk index with glycemic status in the German National Cohort (NAKO)
Abstract This cross-sectional analysis examined the association of a Lifestyle Risk Factor Index (LSRI) with the presence of self-reported diabetes or HbA1c levels among participants of the German National Cohort (NAKO), while considering the role of body mass index (BMI) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Modified LSRI (mLSRI) scores were calculated from baseline questionnaires assigning points for adherence to alcohol intake, physical activity, smoking, and healthy diet recommendations. Of > 205,000 participants, 18,101 had VAT quantified by magnetic resonance imaging plus complete information on covariates. Diabetes status was self-reported and HbA1c levels ≥ 39 mmol/mol Hb (5.7%) were considered elevated. Polytomous logistic regression estimated prevalence odds ratios (POR) and linear regression computed mean HbA1c levels adjusting for age and sex in model 1 and adding BMI and VAT for model 2. The respective proportions for 0/1, 2, 3, and 4 mLSRI points were 6%, 25%, 51%, and 18%. Among the 17,457 (96.4%) participants without self-reported diabetes, 17.3% had elevated HbA1c levels. Compared to normoglycemia, the highest vs. lowest mLSRI was inversely related to abnormal HbA1c (POR 0.81; 95%CI 0.68–0.97) but the associations were attenuated after adding BMI and VAT. No significant association was seen for diabetes (POR 0.91; 95%CI 0.62–1.32) after full adjustment. In this large sample of predominantly healthy adults, a combination of lifestyles, foremost driven by not smoking, was weakly associated with lower HbA1c levels but not self-reported diabetes. Nevertheless, lifestyle factors may be relevant for glycemic control, possibly due to an influence on adiposity, but this relation cannot be confirmed due to the cross-sectional design.
Authors
- Christopher L. Schlett (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-1481)
- Anja M. Sedlmeier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7564-3065)
- Susanne Rospleszcz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4788-2341)
- Mark Oliver Wielpütz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-037X)
- Tobias Haueise (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1462-7539)
- Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6234-4955)
- Patricia Bohmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-8651)
- Gertraud Maskarinec (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8129-958X)
- Rebecca Klapp (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6057-1050)
- Katharina Susanne Weber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-2641)
- Michael Hoffmeister (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8307-3197)
- Ute Nöthlings (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5789-2252)
- Matthias Bernd Schulze (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0830-5277)
- Jurgen Machann
- Stefanie Castell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1762-8462)
- Fiona Niedermayer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6798-2630)
- Sabrina Schlesinger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4244-0832)
- Thoralf Niendorf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7584-6527)
- Lilian Krist (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6089-5163)
- K Halina Greiser
- Katharina Nimptsch (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7877-205X)
- Karen Steindorf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5215-5651)
- Andreas Stang
- Boerge Schmidt
- Matthias Nauck
- Fabian Bamberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7460-3942)
- Maike Wolters
- Jakob Linseisen
- Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Michael Leitzmann
- Tobias Pischon
- Annette Peters
- Thomas Keil
- Wolfgang Lieb
- Henry Völzke
Institutions
- University of Bonn (DE)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- University of Augsburg (DE)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- University of Bremen (DE)
- Max Delbrück Center (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
- Helmholtz Zentrum München (DE)
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Universität Greifswald (DE)
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS (DE)
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (DE)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DE)
- Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit (DE)
- DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance (DE)
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2026-09-28
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-64631-4
- Primary Topic
- Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00