COMPARATIVE MODULATION OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS BY GREEN-SYNTHESIZED SIO₂ NANOPARTICLES AND RHUS CORIARIA IN A SHEEP TIBIAL DEFECT MODEL

Background: Bone regeneration is strongly influenced by systemic inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress status. Research has discovered plant extracts from nature and nanoparticles produced through green synthesis which demonstrate ability to manage biochemical reactions that take place during bone healing processes. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate how sumac extract (Rhus coriaria L.) and bio-synthesized silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs) influence serum inflammatory and oxidative stress markers which were measured in surgically induced tibial bone defects in sheep. Methods: Twenty-eight clinically healthy male sheep were randomly allocated without health issues into three groups which included control animals and two treatment groups receiving sumac and bio-synthesized SiO₂ NP respectively. Each group was further evaluated at immediate postoperative reference point (Time-0), 1 month, and 2 months post-operation (n = 4 per time point). The researchers measured IL-6 and TNF-α levels in serum to assess inflammatory biomarkers and they used MDA and SOD and T-AOC to assess oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. Results: Untreated animals exhibited the highest inflammatory cytokines and oxidative imbalance. The two compounds sumac extract and SiO₂ nanoparticles showed time-dependent decreases in IL-6 and TNF-α and MDA while they simultaneously increased SOD activity and T-AOC. The SiO₂ NP group showed the most significant biochemical improvements which became evident during the 2-month period. Conclusion: The research data showed that green bio-synthesized SiO₂ nanoparticles was associated with greater improvement for decreasing inflammatory markers and oxidative stress indicators when compared to using sumac extract as a single. The research findings show that these materials have shown promise as additional bone healing materials which can improve chemical conditions during bone recovery but need more extensive research to confirm their effectiveness.