Scheduling the Charging of Battery-Electric Vehicles Under Heterogeneous Scheduling Constraints

Adopting battery electric vehicles (EVs) for vehicle fleets requires scheduling charging alongside day-to-day operations. This problem is complicated by complex utility cost structures, limited battery capacity, and competition for shared charging resources. Existing methods that simultaneously schedule routes and charging neither address the full cost structure nor employ high-fidelity charging models, and no prior work analyzes fleets containing vehicles with heterogeneous routing constraints. This work addresses these gaps by combining a state-of-the-art flexible-schedule formulation with time-of-use (TOU) demand costs and a non-linear, variable-rate charging model as drawn from additional state-of-the-art works. The proposed method is validated against two state-of-the-art methods, achieving cost reductions of 89% and 24%, respectively. An analysis across fleet compositions that mix fixed-schedule and flexible-schedule vehicles reveals a trade-off between cost and computational complexity, with a 50/50 split providing the best balance for the scenarios considered.