The Gandhikas: Perfumers in Early India

Abstract In early India fragrances played a significant role in everyday life and were used in many social, religious and personal contexts. However, the people who made and sold these fragrances are often less discussed. This paper highlights the Gandhikas who were Perfumers and Perfume sellers who were mentioned in early Indian literary and inscriptional sources. It examines the nature of their work and other aromatic substances associated with their occupation. Buddhist and Jain texts along with inscriptions from Mathura and Western Deccan provide glimpses into the presence and activities of Gandhikas and their position in the society. They also actively participated in religious donations which gives an insight into their economic circumstances and their connections with the urban communities. Hence the paper not only presents Gandhikas as mere perfume sellers but skilled artisans with knowledge of fragrant substances whose work was connected to religion, trade and everyday use of fragrance in early India.