Social and Physical Realities of Aging in Northeast India: A Study of Folk Societies

Population aging in Northeast India has emerged as a significant social concern in the context of rapid socioeconomic transformation and the gradual weakening of traditional family support systems. In the traditional folk societies of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, older adults increasingly face challenges related to social isolation, inadequate care support, and limited access to healthcare services. The outmigration of younger generations for employment and education has further reduced family-based caregiving, whereas geographical remoteness and insufficient healthcare infrastructure continue to affect the physical well-being of elderly populations. This study examines the social and physical conditions of elderly people in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim. It explores existing care practices within traditional community settings. An exploratory mixed-method research design was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Primary data were collected from 480 elderly respondents aged 60 years and above across eight districts of the two states through semi-structured interviews. In addition, 40 key informants were interviewed to obtain contextual insights into elderly care practices and sociocultural dynamics. The findings indicate that traditional cultural practices, community participation, and extended family support continue to play an important role in shaping the well-being of older adults. Elderly respondents in Sikkim reported relatively stronger emotional and social support through community rituals and collective participation, whereas respondents in Arunachal Pradesh experienced comparatively higher levels of social isolation associated with migration and changing family structures. Sociodemographic factors such as marital status, religion, and educational attainment were also found to influence elderly care experiences. The study highlights the need for culturally responsive and community-oriented elderly care strategies that integrate traditional support systems with social work interventions and accessible healthcare services. Strengthening community participation, outreach healthcare facilities, and local welfare mechanisms may improve the quality of life of elderly populations in remote areas of Northeast India.