Robust bearing fault diagnosis for rotating machinery under noisy and variable operating conditions using a Wavelet-Mamba Network

Bearing fault diagnosis for rotating machinery remains challenging due to strong background noise and variable operating conditions in harsh industrial environments. To address these issues, this paper proposes a robust and lightweight bearing fault diagnosis framework, termed Multi-scale and Dual-scale Wavelet Mamba (MDW-Mamba), for noisy and non-stationary industrial applications. The proposed method employs a multi-stage “noise-feature decoupling” strategy, comprising a statistically guided three-channel input, a Multi-scale Omni-kernel Convolutions (MOM-Conv) backbone, and a Dual-Scale Wavelet Mamba (DSW-Mamba) module. This architecture explicitly separates fault components from broadband noise while enabling efficient long-term dependency modeling. Experimental results on three public datasets under variable-speed conditions demonstrate that MDW-Mamba consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods. It achieves an average classification accuracy exceeding 87% even at a signal-to-noise ratio of −6 dB, showing exceptional robustness against strong interference. Furthermore, the model maintains an ultra-lightweight footprint of 0.26 M parameters and a fast inference time of 1.285 ms, indicating strong potential for real-time, on-board deployment in resource-constrained industrial edge devices.