Research on landscape pattern zoning management based on the matching of ecosystem cultural service supply and demand

Spatial quantification and mapping of cultural ecosystem services (CES) are essential for optimizing rural tourism layouts and formulating personalized tourist routes, which can further promote the high-quality development of rural tourism destinations. However, the inherent subjectivity and intangibility of cultural services bring great challenges to their accurate definition and quantitative evaluation. Taking the rural tourism areas of Datong City, Shanxi Province, as the research scope, this study adopts the Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) model to quantitatively assess regional CES supply value and reveal its spatial differentiation characteristics. By constructing a multi-dimensional CES demand indicator system and conducting spatial mapping of demand levels, this study further identifies the spatial matching patterns and clustering characteristics of CES supply and demand and divides the study area into four functional zones. The findings provide a theoretical reference for the sustainable planning and high-quality development of regional rural tourism. The results indicate that: (1) CES values exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity. Areas with concentrated rural tourism resources and locations close to urban peripheries generally present higher cultural service values, while areas far from roads and water bodies show relatively lower values; (2) CES demand in Datong is spatially concentrated in the urban core, with the highest aggregation in Pingcheng District, reflecting prominent spatial differentiation characteristics; (3) The overall CES supply-demand ratio reaches 0.237, indicating a general supply surplus and no obvious risk of supply-demand imbalance across the region; (4) Based on the spatial matching and clustering features of CES supply and demand, rural areas in Datong can be classified into four functional types: Developed areas, demand areas, potential areas, and less-developed areas. This study offers scientific support for future spatial optimization, comprehensive utilization, and targeted planning of rural cultural ecosystem services.