“Descending Enkephalinergic neurons in Barrington’s nucleus gate sex-biased control of micturition”

Barrington’s nucleus (Bar) is a brainstem hub essential for lower urinary tract (LUT) function, yet the molecular identity and functional specialization of its neuronal subtypes remain poorly defined. Here, we construct a single-nucleus transcriptional atlas of the murine Bar and identify an excitatory Penk-expressing population (Bar-Penk) critical for LUT regulation. Bar-Penk neurons are selectively active during voiding, when the external urethral sphincter (EUS) relaxes, and their optogenetic activation elicits time-locked suppression of EUS activity. Chemogenetic activation of these neurons induces a sex-specific, aberrant pattern of micturition, whereas targeted ablation impairs voluntary marking behavior in response to female cues. We observe multiple regions involved in visceromotor regulation and behavioral state control that project to Bar-Penk neurons, supporting their role as integrators of internal state and environmental context that drive urinary output. These findings provide new insights into the brainstem circuits that shape reflexive and voluntary micturition and highlight how discrete neuronal subtypes contribute to sexually dimorphic regulation of LUT function. The neural control of LUT (lower urinary tract) function is not fully understood. Here authors demonstrate that transcriptionally distinct enkephalinergic neurons in Barrington’s nucleus are recruited during voiding to selectively control external urethral sphincter relaxation and regulate urinary behaviors in a sex-specific manner.