Frequency domain Biot–Allard equations for isotropic and anisotropic poroelastic media: Two-field formulations and iterative splitting

We present a frequency-domain formulation of Biot’s dynamic poroelastic equations with frequency-dependent dissipation (Biot–Allard) for anisotropic, heterogeneous media with memory effects. Two equivalent two-field representations—a displacement–pressure and a velocity–pressure-rate formulation—enable stabilized iterative splitting. While coupling operators generally lack an adjoint or skew-adjoint relationship at finite frequencies, the velocity–pressure-rate representation restores a skew-adjoint structure in the quasi-static limit. We prove continuity of the coupling operators and coercivity of the diagonal blocks, essential for convergence of the L-stabilized splitting scheme. The frequency-domain setting eliminates convolutional memory terms, incorporates attenuation and dispersion via complex-valued parameters, and reduces the time-dependent problem to a family of elliptic boundary-value problems suited for parallel computation and multi-frequency inversion. A conforming Galerkin finite element discretization preserves block structure, and numerical experiments confirm robustness and capture frequency-dependent attenuation. To illustrate discretization independence, we include a large-scale wave simulation using a pseudo-spectral method. This work provides a rigorous and efficient framework for modeling wave phenomena in complex porous media.