Impact of Non-Linear Loads on the Power Quality of Commercial Electrical Systems

Abstract The increasing use of non-linear loads in commercial buildings has significantly affected the power quality of electrical systems. Devices such as computers, LED lighting, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), variable frequency drives, and electronic office equipment draw non-sinusoidal currents, which introduce harmonics and other disturbances into the electrical network. These power quality problems can lead to overheating of transformers and cables, neutral conductor overload, reduced equipment lifespan, nuisance tripping of circuit breakers, and increased energy losses. This paper examines the nature of non-linear loads commonly found in commercial buildings, the major power quality issues they generate, and their effects on electrical equipment and system performance. It also discusses measurement techniques used to identify these problems and reviews practical mitigation strategies, including passive and active filters, proper system design, and load management. Understanding the impact of non-linear loads is essential for maintaining reliable, efficient, and safe electrical systems in modern commercial facilities.