Turkish cultural adaptation and measurement properties of the Brief Assessment of Distress about Pain (BADP-TR)

Background Pain-related affective distress may influence rehabilitation participation and outcomes. The four-item Brief Assessment of Distress about Pain (BADP) provides a brief measure of this construct. Objective To translate and culturally adapt the BADP into Turkish (BADP-TR) and initially evaluate its measurement properties. Methods Turkish-speaking adults recruited consecutively from outpatient physiotherapy and rehabilitation clinics in Türkiye completed baseline assessment (n = 104); 48 completed a 1-week retest. Structural validity, internal consistency, relative reliability, measurement error, and hypothesis-based construct validity were evaluated. Additional post hoc analyses compared current-pain (n = 59) and no-current-pain (n = 45) scores and repeated CFA/internal-consistency analyses in n = 104, n = 93 excluding pain-naive respondents, and n = 59 current-pain participants. Results A one-factor ordinal CFA fit the total sample well (CFI = 0.999; TLI = 0.995; RMSEA = 0.043; SRMR = 0.062), with high internal consistency (α = 0.844; ω = 0.875; ordinal α = 0.874). Sensitivity analyses yielded broadly similar estimates. ICC(A,1) and ICC(C,1) were 0.815 and 0.847; mean scores decreased and stability was not externally verified. Current-pain status did not clearly differentiate BADP-TR scores (mean difference = 0.73, 95% CI −0.70 to 2.16; Hedges’ g = 0.19; p = 0.315). All four construct-validity correlation hypotheses were supported. Conclusion The BADP-TR showed unidimensionality, high internal consistency, acceptable group-level relative reliability with limited individual-level precision, and construct-validity support, although the predicted correlation ordering was not reproduced. Individual-level use should remain cautious pending further validation.