Influence of Matrix Materials on Structure, Function, and Biological Performance of Anisotropic Polymeric Particles

Abstract Due to their unique shape and tendency to undergo surface modification, anisotropic particles are emerging as next-generation particle-based systems for drug delivery applications, unlike conventional spherical particles. Nonetheless, in addition to geometric factors, the inherent characteristics of the polymer matrix significantly influence the development, dimensional stability, and functional behavior of these anisotropic systems. This review paper critically analyzes the impact of matrix materials, ranging from entirely polymeric systems to polymer–inorganic hybrids, on the structural evolution, compartmentalization, and physicochemical properties of anisotropic particles as a drug delivery system. Significant attention is directed to the influence of polymer characteristics, including molecular weight, glass transition temperature, hydrophobicity, and phase compatibility, on anisotropic morphology, multi-compartment formation, and drug encapsulation effectiveness. The interaction between the matrix composition and biological performance, encompassing cellular absorption, biological distribution, vascular margination, and stimuli-responsive medication release, is thoroughly examined. The significance of matrix-driven design in facilitating multi-drug distribution, regulating release kinetics, and achieving tailored therapeutic effects is emphasized. Notwithstanding considerable advancements, issues concerning scalable production, repeatability, and the uniformity of matrix-dependent parameters persist as substantial obstacles to clinical translation. This research establishes a structure–function–performance relationship for matrix materials, providing a solid foundation for the development of a future-oriented anisotropic polymeric drug delivery system.