Comprehensive Assessment and Structural Analysis of Cultural Ecosystem Resilience in Traditional Villages—A Case Study of the Northern Foothills of the Qinling Mountains in Xi’an, China

Traditional village resilience is shaped by interactions among ecological foundations, cultural continuity, and social functioning, yet cultural resilience and the coordination and constraints among internal subsystems remain insufficiently understood. This study evaluated 16 sampled traditional villages in the northern foothills of the Qinling Mountains, Xi’an, China. Based on the theory of cultural ecology and the pressure–state–response framework, an ecological–cultural–social resilience evaluation system was developed. The coupling coordination degree model, obstacle degree model, and two-step cluster analysis were applied to examine overall resilience, subsystem coordination, and obstacle patterns. Results reveal differences in overall resilience among villages and clear asynchronous characteristics among ecological, cultural, and social subsystems, with cultural resilience showing the greatest inter-village variation. Ten villages fall into the barely coordinated level, five reach the primary coordination level, and one achieves intermediate coordination. Under the combined weighting scheme, the cultural subsystem is identified as the dominant obstacle dimension in 13 villages, while three exploratory obstacle patterns are observed based on subsystem constraint combinations. Sensitivity analysis indicates that overall resilience rankings are generally stable, whereas dominant obstacle identification shows some sensitivity to weighting schemes. These findings support differentiated conservation and resilience enhancement by integrating overall resilience, subsystem coordination, and constraint structures.