Network-Resolved and Frequency-Specific EEG–fMRI Representational Similarity Analysis of Visual Imagery

Background: Visual imagery (VI) is a cognitive process that generates visual representations in the absence of external visual input; however, the spatiotemporal organization of its neural representations remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, we combined electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with representational similarity analysis (RSA) and the Schaefer 2018 functional parcellation atlas to compare the correspondence between brain network representations and CORnet-S model representations during visual perception (VP) and VI. We further examined the cross-modal associations between EEG time–frequency representations and fMRI network representations during VI. Results: Significant model–brain representational correspondence was detected in the visual network during VP, and no significant correspondence was detected in any network during VI, yielding different descriptive significance profiles across the two tasks. Cross-modal EEG–fMRI RSA further revealed frequency- and time-dependent representational correspondence involving the frontoparietal, default mode, ventral attention, visual, and limbic networks. Significant cross-modal correspondence was observed across the alpha, beta, and gamma bands, with descriptive variation in the networks and temporal clusters involved in each frequency band. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that VI is not merely a reinstatement of VP but is associated with distributed representational patterns involving multiple functional networks. This study provides multimodal evidence for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying VI.